The Wasps

The Wasps

The Chorus in The Wasps comprises elderly jurors who briefly resemble wasps in their behaviour (Painting: 'The Jury' by John Morgan 1861, Bucks County Museum, England).

The Dramatis Personae in ancient comedy depends on interpretation of textual evidence.[1] This list is based on David Barrett's translation.[2]
Written by Aristophanes
Chorus Wasps (old men)
Boys
Characters
  • Anticleon (Bdelycleon) a young Athenian
  • Procleon (Philocleon) his father
  • Sosias their household slave
  • Xanthias another household slave
  • First Dog
  • A reveller
  • A baking-woman
  • A citizen

Silent Roles

  • Midas household slave
  • Phryx household slave
  • Masyntias household slave
  • Second Dog (Labes)
  • Dardanis flute girl
  • Chaerephon the philososper
  • Witnesses brought by the Citizen
  • Cooking Utensils witnesses at trial of Second Dog
  • Puppies children to Second Dog
  • Revellers
  • Three Sons of Carcinus
Setting before house of Anticleon

The Wasps (Greek: Σφῆκες / Sphēkes) is the fourth in chronological order of the eleven surviving plays by Aristophanes, the master of an ancient genre of drama called 'Old Comedy'. It was produced at the Lenaia festival in 422 BC, a time when Athens was enjoying a brief respite from The Peloponnesian War following a one year truce with Sparta. As in his other early plays, Aristophanes pokes satirical fun at the demagogue Cleon but in The Wasps he also ridicules one of the Athenian institutions that provided Cleon with his power-base: the law courts. The play has been thought to exemplify the conventions of Old Comedy better than any other play and it has been considered to be one of the world's greatest comedies.[3][4]

Contents

The Wasps – the plot

The play begins with a strange scene—a large net has been spread over a house, the entry is barricaded and two slaves are sleeping in the street outside. A third man is positioned at the top of an exterior wall with a view into the inner courtyard but he too is asleep. The two slaves wake and we learn from their banter that they are keeping guard over a 'monster'. The man asleep above them is their master and the monster is his father—he has an unusual disease. The two slaves challenge the audience to guess the nature of the disease. Addictions to gambling, drink and good times are suggested but they are all wrong—the father is addicted to the law court: he is a phileliastes (φιληλιαστής) or a "trialophile." We are then told that his name is Philocleon (which suggests that he might be addicted to Cleon) and his son's name is the very opposite of this—Bdelycleon. The symptoms of the old man's addiction are described for us and they include irregular sleep, obsessional thinking, paranoia, poor hygiene and hoarding.[5] We are told that counselling, medical treatment and travel have all failed to solve the problem and now his son has turned the house into a prison to keep the old man away from the law courts. Bdelycleon wakes and he shouts to the two slaves to be on their guard—his father is moving about. He tells them to watch the drains, for the old man can move like a mouse, but Philocleon surprises them all by emerging instead from the chimney disguised as smoke. Bdelycleon is luckily on hand to push him back inside. Other attempts at escape are also barely defeated. The household settles down for some more sleep and then the Chorus arrives—old jurors who move warily (the roads are muddy), they are escorted by boys with lamps (it is still dark). Learning of their old comrade's imprisonment, they leap to his defense and swarm around Bdelycleon and his slaves like wasps. At the end of this fray, Philocleon is still barely in his son's custody and both sides are willing to settle the issue peacefully through debate.

The debate is between the father and the son and it focuses on the advantages that the old man personally derives from voluntary jury service. Philocleon says he enjoys the flattering attentions of rich and powerful men who appeal to him for a favourable verdict, he enjoys the freedom to interpret the law as he pleases since his decisions are not subject to review, and his juror's pay gives him independence and authority within his own household. Bdelycleon responds to these points with the argument that jurors are in fact subject to the demands of petty officials and they get paid less than they deserve—revenues from the empire go mostly into the private treasuries of men like Cleon. These arguments have a paralysing effect on Philocleon. The Chorus is won over. Philocleon however is still not able to give up his old ways just yet so Bdelycleon offers to turn the house into a courtroom and to pay him a juror's fee to judge domestic disputes. Philocleon agrees and a case is soon brought before him—a dispute between the household dogs. One dog (who looks like Cleon) accuses the other dog (who looks like Laches) of stealing a Sicilian cheese and not sharing it. Witnesses for the defense include a bowl, a pestle, a cheese-grater, a brazier and a pot. As these are unable to speak, Bdelycleon says a few words for them on behalf of the accused and then some puppies (the children of the accused) are ushered in to soften the heart of the old juror with their plaintive cries. Philocleon is not softened but his son easily fools him into putting his vote into the urn for acquittal. The old juror is deeply shocked by the outcome of the trial—he is used to convictions—but his son promises him a good time and they exit the stage to prepare for some entertainment.

While the actors are offstage, the Chorus addresses the audience in a conventional parabasis. It praises the author for standing up to monsters like Cleon and it chastises the audience for its failure to appreciate the merits of the author's previous play (The Clouds). It praises the older generation, evokes memories of the victory at Marathon and it bitterly deplores the gobbling up of imperial revenues by unworthy men. Father and son then return to the stage, now arguing with each other over the old man's choice of attire. He is addicted to his old juryman's cloak and his old shoes and he is suspicious of the fancy woollen garment and the fashionable Spartan footwear that Bdelycleon wants him to wear that evening to a sophisticated dinner party. The fancy clothes are forced upon him and then he is instructed in the kind of manners and conversation that the other guests will expect of him. Philocleon declares his reluctance to drink any wine—it causes trouble, he says—but Bdelycleon assures him that sophisticated men of the world can easily talk their way out of trouble and so they depart optimistically for the evening's entertainment. There is then a second parabasis (see Note at end of this section), in which the Chorus touches briefly on a conflict between Cleon and the author, after which a household slave arrives with news for the audience about the old man's appalling behaviour at the dinner party: Philocleon has got himself abusively drunk, he has insulted all his son's fashionable friends and now he is assaulting anyone he meets on the way home. The slave departs as Philocleon arrives, now with aggrieved victims on his heels and a pretty flute girl on his arm. Bdelycleon appears moments later and angrily remonstrates with his father for kidnapping the flute girl from the party. Philocleon pretends that she is in fact a torch. His son isn't fooled and he tries to take the girl back to the party by force but his father knocks him down. Other people with grievances against Philocleon continue to arrive, demanding compensation and threatening legal action. He makes an ironic attempt to talk his way out of trouble like a sophisticated man of the world but it inflames the situation further and finally his alarmed son drags him indoors. The Chorus sings briefly about how difficult it is for men to change their habits and it commends the son for filial devotion, after which the entire cast returns to the stage for some spirited dancing by Philocleon in a contest with the sons of Carcinus.

Note: Some editors (such as Barrett) exchange the second parabasis (lines 1265–91) with the song (lines 1450–73) in which Bdelycleon is commended for filial devotion.

Historical background

Cleon and the Athenian jury system: About two years before the performance of The Wasps, Athens had obtained a significant victory against its rival, Sparta, in the Battle of Sphacteria. Rightly or wrongly, most Athenians credited Cleon with this victory and he was then at the height of his power. Constitutionally, supreme power lay with the People as voters in the assembly and as jurors in the courts but they could be manipulated by demagogues skilled in oratory and supported by networks of satellites and informers.[6] Cleon had succeeded Pericles as the dominant speaker in the assembly and increasingly he was able to manipulate the courts for political and personal ends, especially in the prosecution of public officials for mismanagement of their duties.[7] Jurors had to be citizens over the age of thirty and a corps of six thousand was enrolled at the beginning of each year, forming a conspicuous presence about town in their short brown cloaks, with wooden staves in their hands. The work was voluntary but time-consuming and they were paid a small fee - three obols per day at the time of The Wasps. For many jurors, this was their major source of income and it was virtually an old-age pension. There were no judges to provide juries with legal guidance and there was no legal appeal against a jury's verdict. Jurors came under the sway of litigious politicians like Cleon who provided them with cases to try and who were influential in persuading the assembly to keep up their pay. However it is not necessarily true that Cleon was exploiting the system for venal or corrupt reasons, as argued in The Wasps.[8] Aristophanes' plays promote conservative values and they support an honourable peace with Sparta whereas Cleon was a radical democrat and a leader of the pro-war faction. Misunderstandings were inevitable. Cleon had previously attempted to prosecute Aristophanes for slandering the polis with his second play The Babylonians and, though the legal result of these efforts is unknown, they appear to have sharpened the poet's satirical edge, as evidenced later in the unrelenting attack on Cleon in The Knights. The second parabasis in The Wasps implies that Cleon retaliated for his drubbing in The Knights with yet further efforts to intimidate or prosecute Aristophanes and it is possible that the poet publicly yielded to this pressure for a short time.[9][10] Whatever agreement was reached with Cleon, Aristophanes gleefully reneged on it in The Wasps, presenting Cleon as a treacherous dog manipulating a corrupted legal process for personal gain.

Some events that influenced The Wasps

Places and people mentioned in The Wasps

According to a character in Plutarch's Dinner-table Discussion,[11] (written some 500 years after The Wasps was produced), Old Comedy needs commentators to explain its abstruse references in the same way that a banquet needs wine-waiters. Here is the wine list for 'The Wasps' as supplied by modern scholars.[12][13][14]

Places
Poets and other artists
Athenian politicians and generals
Athenian personalities
Religious and historical identities
Foreign identities

Discussion

As mentioned in the introduction, The Wasps can be considered one of the world's great comedies. Various factors contribute to its appeal, as for example:

Philocleon is a complex character whose actions have comic significance, psychological significance and allegorical significance. When, for example, he strikes his son for taking the dancing girl away, the violence is comic because it is unexpected of an old man yet it is psychologically appropriate because he is struggling to overcome an addiction and it represents in allegorical form the theme expressed by the Chorus in the parabasis:[57] the old customs are better and more manly than the new fashions. When the play opens, Philocleon is a prisoner of his son and, when the Chorus enters, the old jurors are found to be virtual prisoners of their sons too - they rely on the boys to help them through the dark, muddy streets. The Chorus leader's boy takes full advantage of the situation, threatening to abandon his elderly father if he won't buy him some figs. The debilitating effects of old age and the dehumanizing effects of an addiction (Philocleon is said to resemble a jackdaw, a mouse, a limpet, smoke, a donkey's foal, a cut of meat, Odysseus and Nobody)[58] are somber themes that lift the action beyond the scope of a mere farce.

The Wasps and Old Comedy

The Wasps has been thought to exemplify all the conventions of Old Comedy at their best - structural elements that are common to most of Aristophanes' plays are all found in this play in a complete and readily identifiable form. The table below is based on one scholar's interpretation of the play's structural elements and the poetic meters associated with them.[59]

Dramatic and Metrical Structure
Key: Brackets [ ] enclose metrons comprising long syllables (-), short syllables (.) and long/short syllables (o). The metrical scheme thus depicted is idealized and does not include substitutions such as a tribrach (...) for an iamb (.-).
Elements Lines Metres Summary Comments
prologue 1-229 iambic trimeter dialogue setting the scene conventional opening [o-.-][o-.-][o-.-] line 1
parados 230-47 iambic tetrameter catalectic Chorus enters escorted by boys [o-.-][o-.-][o-.-][o--](trochees are more usual in early plays e.g. Acharnians, Knights, Peace) line 230
248-72 Euripidean 14 syllables/line dialogue between juror and boy a quicker form of iambic rhythm [o-.-][o-.-][-.-.--] line 248
273-89 complex meter Chorus wonders about Philocleon a strophe/antistrophe pair based on ionic metron [..--] but with many variations line 273
290-316 as before but simpler dialogue between juror and boy strophe/antistrophe, ionic [..--] but with fewer variations. line 290
song 317-33 complex solo lament by Philocleon mainly choriamb [-..-] to 323 then anapests [..-], reflecting a change in mood. line 317
symmetrical scene (possibly an agon)[60] 334-64 & 365-402 trochaic and anapestic tetrameter catalectic angry dialogue between actors and chorus each half beginning with trochaic tetrameter [-.-o][-.-o][-.-o][-.-] e.g.334-45 and ending with anapestic tetrameter [..-..-][..-..-][..-..-][..--] e.g. 346-57 but with 1 anapestic pnigos added (358-64) line 334
symmetrical scene 403-460 & 461-525 mainly trochaic tetrameter catalectic denunciations and skirmish trochaic tetrameters [-.-o][-.-o][-.-o][-.-] but with trochaic dimeters or 'runs' added. line 403
agon 526-630 & 631-724 songs and anapestic tetrameter catalectic debate between father and son strophe (526-45) and antistrophe (631-47) with iambic [.-] and choriambic [-..-] metra; spoken sections in anapestic tetrameter ending in anapestic pnigoi (546-630 and 648-724) line 526
song 725-59 anapests, iambs and dochmiacs reflections on debate anapestic lines 725-8, 736-42, 750-9, other lines in iambs and dochmiacs [o--.-] or [o..-.-] line 725
episode 760-862 iambic trimeter setting up a court at home dialogue in iambic trimeter [o-.-][o-.-][o-.-] line 760
song 863-90 mostly anapests prayer consecrating the new court iambic trimeter in 868-9 and 885-6; short strophe (870-4) and antistrophe (887-90) largely in iambs; anapests in 863-7 and 875-84 line 863
episode 891-1008 iambic trimeter the dog's trial dialogue in iambic trimeter [o-.-][o-.-][o-.-] line 890
parabasis 1009-14 mixed kommation anapestic (1009–10), iambic (1011–12) and trochaic (1013–14) - an unusual lead into a parabasis line 1009
1015-59 anapests parabasis proper with pnigos anapestic tetrameter catalectic [..-..-][..-..-][..-..-][..--] ending in anapestic pnigos line 1015
1060–1121 trochees symmetrical scene trochaic strophe (1060–70) and antistrophe (1091–1101); epirrhema (1071–90) and antepirrhema (1102–21) in trochaic tetrameter catalectic [-.-o][-.-o][-.-o][-.-] line 1060
episode 1122–1264 iambic trimeter preparations for dinner party dialogue between actors in iambic trimeter [o-.-][o-.-][o-.-] line 1120
second parabasis 1265–1291 trochaic symmetrical scene trochaic strophe(1265–74) but missing an antistrophe; epirrhema (1275–83) and antepirrhema (1284–91) featuring variation on trochaic tetrameter catalectic [-...][-...][-...][-.-] (paeonic tetrameter) line 1265
episode 1292–1449 mostly iambic trimeter farcical consequences of the dinner party dialogue in iambic trimeter but with trochaic passages (1326–31, 1335–40) spoken by the drunken Philocleon line 1292
song 1450-73 mostly iambs and choriambs Chorus congratulates father and son first half of strophe and antistrophe iambo-choriambic lines [o-.-][-..-] (1450–56, 1462–68), the second half more complex line 1450
exodos 1474–1537 iambic and archilochean Philocleon in dancing mode dialogue in iambic trimeter ending in a dance (1518–37) in archilocheans ([o-..-..-o][-.-.--]) line 1470

Miscellaneous

Translations

References

  1. ^ Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds Alan Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 37
  2. ^ Aristophanes: The Frogs and Other Plays D.Barrett (ed.), Penguin Classics 1964
  3. ^ Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy M.S.Silk, Oxford University Press 2002, page 435
  4. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps Douglas M.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, pages VI and 5
  5. ^ The Wasps lines 83-135
  6. ^ Aristophanes: The Frogs and Other Plays D.Barrett, Penguin Classics 1964, page 35
  7. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, pages 1-2
  8. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 4
  9. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 299 note 1284-91
  10. ^ Aristophanes: The Birds and Other Plays D.Barrett and A.Sommerstein (ed), Penguin Classics 1978, pages 32-33
  11. ^ Dinner-table Discussion Book VII No.8, quoted in Aristophanes: The Birds and Other Plays D.Barrett and A.Sommerstein (translators), Penguin Classics 1978, pages 14-15
  12. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.M.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, Commentary
  13. ^ Aristophanes: The Frogs and Other Plays David Barrett, Penguin Classics 1964, Notes
  14. ^ Aristophanis Comoediae Tomus II F.Hall and W.Geldart, Oxford University Press 1907, Index Nominum
  15. ^ Poetics by Aristotle, 1448a31; Wikisource section III s:The Poetics translated by Bywater/1#III
  16. ^ Birds line 749; Thesmophoriazusae line 164; Frogs lines 910, 1299
  17. ^ Thesmophoriazusae line 168, Birds line 281, 1295
  18. ^ Peace line 129; Birds lines 471, 651
  19. ^ Frogs line 912
  20. ^ Birds line 31
  21. ^ Knights line 1281, Peace 883, Ecclesiazusae 129
  22. ^ Poetics 1458a18-21 Wikisource section XXII s:The Poetics translated by Bywater/3#XXII
  23. ^ Clouds lines 1356, 1362; Peace 697; Birds 919
  24. ^ Thycidides 2.32.2; IG i2 296. 30-40
  25. ^ Clouds line 1261; Peace 781, 864; Thesmophoriazusae 441
  26. ^ Thesmophoriazusae lines 169, 441; Frogs 86
  27. ^ Acharnians lines 134, 155, 1608; Clouds 400
  28. ^ Acharnians line 716
  29. ^ The Frogs line 1422
  30. ^ The Clouds line 686
  31. ^ Thucydides 4.129.2, 133.4, 3.75, 5.74.3
  32. ^ The Acharnians line 703
  33. ^ Knights 1304, 1363; Clouds 551, 557, 623, 876, 1065; Peace 681, 921, 1319; Thesmophoriazusae 840; Frogs 570
  34. ^ Peace 928; Birds 822, 1127, 1295; Lysistrata 63
  35. ^ Apology 23e, 36a
  36. ^ Lysistrata line 313
  37. ^ Acharnians lines 88, 844; Knights 958, 1294, 1372; Clouds 353, 400, 673; Peace 446, 673, 1295; bi 289, 1475; Thesmophoriazusae 605
  38. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 140 note 78
  39. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 153 note 157
  40. ^ Birds line 1126
  41. ^ Birds line 823
  42. ^ Acharnians line 710
  43. ^ Acharnians line 855; Knights 1266; Lysistrata line 1105
  44. ^ Acharnians line 887; Peace 1008
  45. ^ Acharnians line 118; Knights 1374; Clouds 355; Birds 831; Lysistrata lines 621, 1092; Thesmophoriazusae 235, 634, 763, 929; fr 48, 57, 426
  46. ^ Clouds 104, 144, 156, 503, 831, 1465; Birds 1296, 1564
  47. ^ Acharnians line 1032, 1222
  48. ^ Lysistrata line 558; Ecclesiazusae 1069
  49. ^ Birds 876; Lysistrata 388
  50. ^ Knights line 1085; Birds 988
  51. ^ Clouds 301; Wealth 773
  52. ^ Knights 449; Lysistrata 619, 1153
  53. ^ Acharnians lines 980, 1093; Knights 786; Ecclesiazusae 683
  54. ^ More Essays in Greek History and Literature A.W.Gomme (1962), cited in Aristophanes: The Wasps D.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, page 7
  55. ^ Aristophanes' Traditionalisme W.Kassies (1963), cited in Aristophanes: The Wasps D.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, page 10
  56. ^ Aristophanes: The Wasps D.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, page 10
  57. ^ Wasps lines 1060-70
  58. ^ The Wasps lines 105-195
  59. ^ Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 6 and Commentary section
  60. ^ Wasps D.MacDowell (ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 179 note 334-402